SEMANTIC WEB

Introduction :
- Semantic web is a web that is able to describe thing in a way that computer can understand, make the web understandable, and is process able by machine.
- First step is putting data on the web in a form that machines can naturally understand.
- Enhance the semantic for information so that a computer can process information on the web
- Create data to computer can process=> make the data smarter
Some technology in Semantic web:
- XML (extensible markup language) : use standard syntax to describe semantic of data, it is a basis for web
- RDF (resources description framework): is language which base on XML to describe data. It includes three parts : subject, object and predicate
- Ontology: model the vocabulary and meaning of domain on the internet, in a computer, define the common words and concepts used to describe and represent an area of knowledge.
Semantic web application:
- Metadata online store
- Lower level programming wrapper
- Software agents: can understand the product information that website provide.

INTEGRATE LITERATURE REVIEW

We are reviewed six types of literature review and the goals of a literature review. However, integrative review is emphasized. There are two functions of integrative review:
- The author presents and summarizes the current state of knowledge on a topic.
- Highlighting agreement and disagreement within it.
A concrete example is presented in class. There are three parts in integrate review of example:
- Purpose and scope of the review: introduction, scope, definition.
- Thematic structure: in this part, the topic is divided into subtopics. Each of subtopic is clearly analyzed. The mini-summary of them is presented in this part. From this, we highlight agreements and disagreements and compare our study to other literatures.
- Conclusion: presenting overall summary and future research directions.

REVIEWING THE SCHOLARLY LITERATURE

Introduction of literature review
- A literature review is based on the assumption that knowledge accumulates and that people learn from and built on what others have done.
-Some studies may be especially important and individual researchers may come become famous, however e specific research project is just a tiny part of the overall process of creating knowledge.
-Scientific research is a collective effort of many researchers who share their results with one another as a community.
Goals of a literature review:
- To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility.
- To show the path of prior research and how a current project is link to it.
- To integrate and summarize what is known in an area.
- To learn from others and stimulate new ideal.
Types of review:
-Self-study reviews increase the reader’s confidence. A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is often part of an educational program.
-Context reviews place a specific project in the big picture. Context reviews create links to developing body of knowledge. It is usually appears at the beginning of a report article.
-Historical reviews trace the development of an issue over time. The researchers conduct historical reviews on the most important idea in the field.
-Theoretical reviews compare how different theories address an issue. It presents different theories to explain same topic.
-Integrate reviews summarize what is known at a point in time. It presents the current state of knowledge where contact with researcher’s topic.
-Methodological reviews point out methodology varies by studies.

NONREACTIVE RESEARCH

I. Nonreactive measurement :
Both of the experiment and survey are reactive. This mean the people who are being studied are aware of that fact. On the contrary, in nonreactive, those are being studied are not aware that they are a part of a research project. Nonreactive is also called unobtrusive measures.
After observing, the researchers will have a result and they rule out a reason. The example of nonreactive measure:
Physical trace: If the toy has been used in a long time, this leads to worn-out toys.
ð Erosion: wear suggests greater use.
II. Content analysis:
- Content analysis is a technique for gathering and analyzing the content of text.
- The researcher can probe and discover the content in a different way from the ordinary way of reading a book or watching a television program.
- They compare content across many texts and analyze it.
Topic appropriate for content analysis:
- Researchers have used content analysis for many purposes.
- Content analysis cannot determine the truthfulness of an assertion the quality of literature.
- Content analysis is useful for three types of research problem:
+ For problem in a large volume of a text, for example, years of newspaper article.
+When a topic must be studied at a distance, for example, researcher can use historical documents whose authors have died, or broadcasts in a hostile foreign country.
+Content analysis can reveal messages in a text that are difficult to see with a casual observation.
III.Existing statistic/document and secondary analysis
Primary information: researchers investigate directly or test, then collect data. This is primary data or direct data.
Secondary information: after editing information from other sources, it is called secondary data.
Types of secondary document:
- From the analysis of government.
- From public or private organization, they gather many type of information.
- From independent researchers (they present publicly their results)
Appropriate topic:
- Information is collected over a long time period.
- Research in a long time
- Research is extended in many countries.
IV.The issues of inference and theory testing:
The limitation of nonreactive data:
- It is difficult to establish temporal order and eliminate alternative explanations.
- Unlike the survey research, a researcher can ask respondents direct question.
Ethical concern:
- Ethical concern is the privacy and confidentially.
- Another one is that official statistics are social and political products.
- Political and social values influence decisions about which existing statistics to collect.

SURVEY RESEARCH

SURVEY RESEARCH

I.Introduction survey research
Survey research is often called correlational. Survey researchers select a lot of the same answers in a problem. They measure many variables, test multiple hypotheses, and infer temporal order from questions about past behavior, experiences or characteristics.
II.How can a survey be constructed ?
- Have a good theoretical framework
- Avoid using the terms and abbreviations
- Avoid using of ambiguous words
- Avoid leading questions
Steps in conducting a survey:
- Develop hypotheses
- Design layout
- Decide sampling frame
- Conduct interviews
- Arrange and analyze data
- Write findings
III.Types of survey:
1. Mail and self-administered
Researchers can mail questionnaire to respondents who read introduction and question, then record their answers. This type can be conducted by a single researcher. The respondent can complete the questionnaire and check personal record.
However, respondent cannot complete and return questionnaire, this causes a low response rate. They also cannot control the conditions under which a mail questionnaire is complete.
2. Telephone interviews:
This type is a popular survey method. The research can call many respondents and can finish the survey in some days. The rate of response can reach 90%.
3. Face to face interviews:
This type has the highest response rate and permits the longest questionnaire. They can observe the surroundings and communicate directly. Furthermore, a well trained interviewer can ask all kind of questions and complex questions. On the other hand, this type has high cost. The training, travel or personnel cost can be high. This is also a biggest disadvantage.